Nyatakakadzraɖoƒe sia zãa cookies tsɔ naa wò zazã ƒe nuteƒekpɔkpɔ nyona ɖe edzi. Ne èyi edzi zã nyatakakadzraɖoƒe sia la, efia be èlɔ̃ ɖe míaƒe cookie-ɖoɖoa dzi.
Ne ACS me tɔ ƒe xexlẽdzesi le asiwò la, taflatse ŋlɔe ɖe afisia ale be míate ŋu atsɔ akɔnta sia aƒo ƒu kple wò hamevinyenye. (Le tiatia me)
ACS dea asixɔxɔ wò nyatakakawo ŋu. Ne èɖo wò nyatakakawo ɖa la, àte ŋu ayi C&EN eye nàwɔ nudɔdɔ na míaƒe kwasiɖa sia kwasiɖa nyadzɔdzɔwo. Míezãa nyatakaka siwo nèna tsɔ naa wò nuxexlẽ ƒe nuteƒekpɔkpɔa nyona ɖe edzi, eye míadzra wò nyatakakawo na ame bubuwo gbeɖe o.
Le ƒe 2005 me la, nuzazãwo ƒe dɔwɔƒe gã si nye Colgate-Palmolive do le Dziehe Amerika ƒe nudzadzraɖonuwo ƒe asitsatsa me esi wòdzra nusiwo le abe Fab kple Dynamo ene na Phoenix Brands. Ƒe etɔ̃ megbe la, nuzazãwo ƒe dɔwɔƒe gã bubu si nye Unilever dzra eƒe Amerikatɔwo ƒe atike siwo wotsɔna klɔa nu siwo dometɔ aɖewoe nye All kple Wisk na Sun Products.
Eƒe dɔwɔƒea dzadzra na dɔwɔƒe sue eve siwo menye ame ŋutɔ tɔ o na be wometsɔ nya ɖe P&G ƒe asi deŋgɔ si le United States ƒe atike si wotsɔna klɔa nu ŋu o kloe. Enyo be míade dzesii be Procter & Gamble meɖe gbeƒã aʋadziɖuɖu o.
Nyateƒee, le ƒe 2014 me la, Alan G. Lafley, si nye Procter & Gamble (P&G) ƒe dɔdzikpɔlagã ɣemaɣi, ve Unilever ƒe asiɖeɖe le eŋu. Egblɔ be eɖu atike siwo wotsɔna klɔa nu ƒe asi ƒe titina ƒe asi dzi, si wɔe be P&G ƒe adzɔnuwo koŋue le asi deŋgɔwo me, esime wòna atike siwo ƒe asi bɔbɔ kple hoʋlila etɔ̃. Procter & Gamble nye asitsaha si dzraa adzɔnu xɔŋkɔwo abe Tide kple Gain ene. Ewɔa United States ƒe atike siwo wotsɔna klɔa nu ƒe asitsatsa ƒe 60% kloe, gake esia nye asitsatsa si tsi anyi, eye vovototo gã aɖe le asixɔxɔ ƒe vovototo gã aɖe le dɔwɔƒea ƒe adzɔnuwo kple eƒe hoʋlilawo dome.
Ƒe ɖeka megbe la, eƒe hoʋlilawo dometɔ ɖeka, si nye Germanytɔwo ƒe dɔwɔƒe si nye Henkel, ʋuʋu nuwo. Dɔwɔƒea tsɔ eƒe Europatɔwo ƒe atike si wotsɔna klɔa nu nyuie si nye Persil va United States, wodzrae gbã to Wal-Mart dzi ɖeɖeko, eye emegbe wodze egɔme le nudzraƒewo abe Target ene. Le ƒe 2016 me la, Henkel gatɔtɔ nuwo esi wòxɔ Sun Products.
Persil ƒe dodo ɖe ŋgɔ na ŋusẽ gaɖo atike siwo wotsɔna klɔa awui ƒe asitsatsa ŋu, gake ate ŋu adzɔ kabakaba wu alesi Lafley kpɔ mɔe. Le ƒe si va yi ƒe May me, esi “Consumer Report” magazine yɔ Henkel ƒe atike yeyeawo dometɔ ɖeka, si nye Persil ProClean Power-Liquid 2in1, si nye Amerikatɔwo ƒe atike si wɔa dɔ nyuie wu la, ele be eya kple P&G ƒe dɔdzikpɔla bubuwo ƒe mo wɔ yaa. Fiakukuɖoɖoa na Tide va nɔ nɔƒe evelia zi gbãtɔ le ƒe geɖe megbe.
Procter & Gamble (Chastened), Procter & Gamble (P&G) gbugbɔ wɔ eƒe atike gbãtɔ si xɔ ŋkɔ gã si nye Tide Ultra Stain Release le ƒe 2016. Dɔwɔƒea gblɔ be yewotsɔ atike siwo wɔa dɔ ɖe anyigba dzi kpe ɖe eŋu eye yewoɖe tsi aɖewo ɖa, si wɔe be yewowɔ atike si le ʋeʋẽm wu eye wòle ʋeʋẽm wu si ate ŋu ana ɖiƒoƒo ɖeɖeɖa nanyo ɖe edzi. Magazinea gblɔ be adzɔnuae xɔ nɔƒe gbãtɔ le Consumer Reports ƒe numekuku siwo wowɔ emegbe me, togbɔ be mele vevie le akɔntabubu nu o hã.
Nyitsɔ laa la, Consumer Reports yɔ Tide Plus Ultra ƒe atike si ɖea ɖiƒoƒo ɖa kple Persil ProClean Power-Liquid 2-in-1 be wonye atike eve siwo wotsɔ klɔa nu nyuitɔ kekeake le United States. C&EN alé ŋku ɖe nusiwo hea nɔnɔme sia vɛ ŋu, kpakple wo zazã kple wo wɔlawo ŋu.
Nyitsɔ laa la, Consumer Reports yɔ Tide Plus Ultra ƒe atike si ɖea ɖiƒoƒo ɖa kple Persil ProClean Power-Liquid 2-in-1 be wonye atike eve siwo wotsɔ klɔa nu nyuitɔ kekeake le United States. C&EN alé ŋku ɖe nusiwo hea nɔnɔme sia vɛ ŋu, kpakple wo zazã kple wo wɔlawo ŋu.
Meka ɖe edzi akpa be míagblɔ nenye be Henkel atsɔ nya ɖe P&G ŋu vevie na Amerikatɔ nuƒlela siwo ƒlea atike deŋgɔ siwo wotsɔna klɔa awui. Gake ne P&G ƒe atikewɔlawo se le wo ɖokui me be yewoƒe dzi dze eme le hoʋiʋli ƒe anyimanɔmanɔ ta la, woaɖe wo ɖa godoo.
Shoaib Arif, si nye dɔbiagbalẽviwo kple mɔ̃ɖaŋudɔwo dzikpɔla le Surfactant Supplier Pilot Chemical, ɖe eme be le United States la, Tide kple Persil nye nusiwo le nyonyome nyuitɔ kekeake na dɔwɔƒea eye woate ŋu ama wo ɖe dɔwɔwɔ ƒe ɖoɖo ene me. Le ƒe siwo va yi me la, Arif kple Pilot dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyala bubuwo kpe ɖe aƒemenuzazãdɔwɔƒe geɖe ŋu wowɔ atike yeyewo kple dzadzɛnyenyetike bubuwo.
Le asi si mexɔ asi o me la, enye atike si wozãna tsɔ klɔa nu si me ga menɔa anyi o ŋutɔ. Arif gblɔ be ɖewohĩ nusi mexɔ asi o si wɔa dɔ ɖe anyigba dzi, abe linear alkyl benzene sulfonate (LABS) ene kpakple vivi kple amadedewo koe anɔ eme. Atikea ƒe akpa si kplɔe ɖo ateŋu atsɔ surfactant adjuvants alo builders, abe sodium citrate, tackifier kple surfactant evelia akpe ɖe eŋu.
LABS nye anionic surfactant, si bi ɖe avɔwo ƒe akpa suesuesuewo ɖeɖeɖa me eye wòwɔa dɔ nyuie le avɔ si wotsɔ kotoklobo wɔe dzi. Atike evelia si bɔ ɖe anyigba dzi enye ethanol ethoxylate, si nye nusi mewɔa dɔ le anyigba dzi o, si wɔa dɔ wu LABS, vevietɔ le ami kple ɖi ɖeɖeɖa le ka siwo wowɔ me.
Le akpa etɔ̃lia me la, atikewɔlawo ate ŋu atsɔ nukpɔkpɔ ƒe keklẽŋusẽ akpe ɖe eŋu le asi si bɔbɔ vie wu nu. Nukpɔkpɔ ƒe keklẽŋusẽ siawo xɔa kekeli si ƒe amadede nye ultraviolet eye woɖea asi le eŋu yia teƒe blɔa be awuwo nadze abe ɖe wole keklẽm wu ene. Zi geɖe la, wokpɔa nusiwo nyo wu siwo wɔa dɔ ɖe anyigba dzi, atike siwo naa chelating, xɔtunu bubuwo kple anti-redeposition polymers le atike mawo tɔgbe me, siwo ate ŋu alé ɖi siwo le tsi si wotsɔ klɔa nu me be wòagage ɖe avɔa dzi ake o.
Atike siwo xɔ asi wu la ƒe dzesi enye be wotsɔa nusiwo wotsɔna klɔa anyigbae ƒe agba geɖe kple nusiwo wotsɔna klɔa nu bubu vovovowo, abe aha sulfates, aha ethoxy sulfates, amine oxides, fatty acid soaps kple cations ene. Anyigba lénu siwo mebɔ o (wotrɔ asi le wo dometɔ aɖewo ŋu na dɔwɔƒewo abe Procter & Gamble kple Henkel ene) kple enzymewo hã le hatsotso sia me.
Gake Arif xlɔ̃ nu be nusiwo wotsɔ wɔa nuɖuɖua ƒe ƒuƒoƒo hea eya ŋutɔ ƒe kuxiwo vɛ. Vaseɖe afi aɖe la, atike siwo wotsɔna klɔa nu ƒe wɔwɔme nye dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya, eye atikewɔlawo nya atikewo ƒe akpa aɖewo ƒe nyonyome, abe alesi nusiwo wotsɔna klɔa anyigbae ƒe dɔwɔwɔ le anyigba dzi ene.
Eɖe eme be: “Ke hã, ne wonya wɔ atike si wotsɔ wɔa dɔe ko la, nu siawo katã akpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe wo nɔewo dzi, eye màte ŋu agblɔ nusi tututu atike mamlɛtɔa awɔ o.” “Ele kokoko be nàdoe kpɔ be ewɔa dɔ le agbe ŋutɔŋutɔ me hã.”
Le kpɔɖeŋu me, Arif gblɔ be nusiwo wɔa dɔ ɖe anyigba dzi kple xɔtunuwo ate ŋu axe mɔ ɖe enzyme ƒe dɔwɔwɔ nu. Atike siwo wotsɔna klɔa nu ŋu ate ŋu azã nusiwo naa enzymewo nɔa te (abe sodium borate kple calcium formate ene) atsɔ akpɔ kuxi sia gbɔe.
Franco Pala, si nye numekukuŋutinunyala vevitɔ le Battelle ƒe Xexeame Katã ƒe Klɔnu Dɔwɔƒe, ɖee fia be atike gbogbo siwo le atike siwo wotsɔna klɔa nu xɔasiwo me hã ate ŋu ahe kuxiwo vɛ. Pala ɖe eme be: “Mele bɔbɔe be woatsɔ atike gbogbo mawo siwo wɔa dɔ ɖe anyigba dzi akpe ɖe eŋu le agbɔsɔsɔ gã ma me o.” Nusiwo me wodea tsii va zua kuxi, eye kadodo gbegblẽ siwo le nusiwo wɔa dɔ ɖe anyigba dzi dome hã va zua kuxi.
Battelle ƒe ɖoɖo si me asisi geɖe le si Pala kplɔ la dze egɔme le ƒe 1990 ƒeawo ƒe gɔmedzedze to numekuku le xexeame katã ƒe dzadzɛnyenyetike gãwo ƒe wɔwɔme ŋu. Battelle zãa dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya ƒe dɔwɔnu vovovowo tsɔ kpena ɖe adzɔnu ƒe ŋkɔ tɔ kple nusiwo wotsɔ wɔa nu xoxowo dzralawo ŋu be woayi ŋgɔ wu nusiwo wotsɔ wɔe ƒe xexlẽdzesiwo be woase, le kpɔɖeŋu me, alesi gbegbe ethoxylation le surfactants me alo nenye be surfactant ƒe megbeƒu nye fli alo alɔdzewo.
Para gblɔ be egbea la, polymers nye nu yeyewo tsoƒe vevi aɖe le nusiwo wotsɔ klɔa nu me. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, polyethyleneimine ethoxylate, si nye atike si xɔa ɖiƒoƒo si BASF to vɛ na Procter & Gamble, gake fifia wole atike siwo wotsɔna klɔa nu ŋu wɔlawo si wu fifia la le Tide kple Persil ƒe atikewo siaa me.
Pala ɖee fia be terephthalic acid copolymers hã le atike nyui aɖewo siwo wotsɔ klɔa avɔa me, siwo atsyɔ avɔa dzi le eklɔɣi, si ana wòanɔ bɔbɔe be woaɖe ɖi kple ɖiƒoƒo ɖa le eklɔɣi si kplɔe ɖo me. Battelle zãa dɔwɔnuwo abe gel permeation chromatography ene tsɔ ɖea polymers ɖe vovo eye emegbe wòzãa infrared spectroscopy tsɔ nyaa woƒe wɔwɔme.
Battelle ƒe ɖoɖoa léa ŋku ɖe enzymes hã ŋu nyuie, siwo nye nugbagbeŋutinunya me nusiwo adzɔnuwo wɔlawo yi edzi le nyonyom ɖe edzi ƒe sia ƒe. Be woada enzyme la ƒe dɔwɔwɔ kpɔ la, Pala ƒe ƒuƒoƒoa tsɔ enzyme la de nusi me chromophore le me. Ne enzyme la gblẽ nusi le ete la, woɖea chromophore la ɖa eye wodzidzenɛ to absorption alo fluorescence spectroscopy dzi.
Protease siwo dzea proteinwo dzi ye nye enzyme gbãtɔ siwo wotsɔ kpe ɖe atike siwo wotsɔna klɔa nu ŋu le ƒe 1960 ƒeawo ƒe nuwuwu lɔƒo. Enzyme siwo wotsɔ kpe ɖe aʋawɔnuwo ŋu emegbe dometɔ aɖewoe nye amylase, si gblẽa starch, kple mannanase, si gblẽa nusiwo naa guar gum ƒe ʋeʋẽ lilili. Ne wokɔ nuɖuɖu siwo me guar le (abe ice cream kple barbecue sauce ene) ɖe awuwo dzi la, aŋe anɔ awuawo dzi ne woklɔ wo vɔ gɔ̃ hã. Wotsɔe dea avɔa me eye wozãnɛ abe aŋe si wotsɔna ƒoa ɖii ene, si wɔnɛ be ɖiƒoƒo siwo ɖeɖe ɖa sesẽna dona.
Protease, amylase kple mannanase le Persil ProClean Power-Liquid 2in1 kple Tide Ultra Stain Release siaa me.
Lipase (si ate ŋu agblẽ ami) kple cellulase (si woate ŋu akɔ le mɔ si mele tẽ o nu to glycosidic kadodo aɖewo siwo le kotoku me ƒe tsi tsɔtsɔ ƒu gbe me) hã le persil me be woaɖe ɖi siwo lé ɖe ka la ŋu ɖa. Cellulase ate ŋu ana kotoku nafa hã eye wòana eƒe amadede nakɔ nyuie wu. Le ɣeyiɣi ma ke me la, le gomenɔamesi ƒe nuŋlɔɖiwo nu la, nu tɔxɛ si le ƒutsotsoewo ƒe atike si wotsɔna klɔa nu ŋue nye glucanase, si ate ŋu agblẽ polysaccharide siwo amylase mate ŋu agblẽ o.
Ɣeyiɣi didi aɖee nye sia si novozyme kple DuPont nye enzyme siwo wɔa enzyme veviwo, gake nyitsɔ laa la, BASF ge ɖe asitsatsa me le protease ƒe nɔnɔme me. Le Dzadzɛnyenyenuwo ƒe Takpekpe si wowɔ le Germany le ƒe si va yi ƒe adame me la, BASF do eƒe protease yeye kple polyethyleneimine ethoxylate ƒe ƒoƒo ɖekae ɖe ŋgɔ, eye wògblɔ be tsakatsaka sia naa dɔwɔwɔ nyuie wu na asisi siwo di be yewoawɔ atike siwo wotsɔna klɔa nu le dzoxɔxɔ si mebɔ o me.
Le nyateƒe me la, Arif kple asitsala bubuwo gblɔ be mɔɖeɖe na atike siwo wotsɔna klɔa nu ŋu be woawɔ nusiwo mehiã be woazã ŋusẽ boo o alo woakpɔ nutome ta tso dzɔdzɔmenuwo gbɔe nye liƒo si kplɔe ɖo le dɔwɔƒea. Le ƒe si va yi ƒe May me la, P&G do Tide Purclean, si nye eƒe adzɔnu si nye dzesi ƒe tɔtrɔ aɖe, si me nusiwo wotsɔ wɔa nuɖuɖua ƒe 65% tso numiemiewo me. Emegbe le October me la, Unilever xɔ Seventh Generation, si wɔa numiemiewo ƒe atikewo kple dzadzɛnyenyetike bubuwo, be woagage ɖe United States ƒe atikewo ƒe asi me.
Togbɔ be nu nyuitɔwo tɔtrɔ woazu atike siwo wotsɔna klɔa nu siwo xɔa kafukafu nyea kuxi ɣesiaɣi hã la, Arif gblɔ be “nusi le edzi yim egbea la nye dzɔdzɔme tɔ wu.” “Asitsalawo le biabiam be, ‘Aleke míewɔna wɔa dzɔdzɔmenu siwo me aɖi mele na amegbetɔwo kple nutome o, gake wogawɔa dɔ nyuie kokoko?”