Hafi dɔlélewo natsrɔ̃ dɔléle siwo ade biliɔn 3 alo esi wu nenema ɖa la, ati sia kpe asi ɖe Amerika si me dɔwɔƒewo le tutu ŋu. Be míagbugbɔ woƒe ŋutikɔkɔe si bu la aɖo anyi la, ɖewohĩ ahiã be míaxɔ dzɔdzɔme ahadzra wo ɖo.
Ɣeaɖeɣi le ƒe 1989 me la, woƒo ka na Herbert Darling: Adela aɖe gblɔ nɛ be yedo go Amerikatɔwo ƒe chestnut-ti kɔkɔ aɖe le Darling ƒe anyigba dzi le Zor Bali me le New York ƒe ɣetoɖoƒe gome. Darling nya be tsã la, chestnut nye ati vevitɔwo dometɔ ɖeka le nutoa me. Enya hã be ʋetsuvi aɖe si wua ame la tsrɔ̃ lã ƒomevi sia kloe hena ƒe alafa ɖeka kple afã kple edzivɔ. Esi wòse adela la ƒe nyatakaka si ku ɖe aŋɔ gbagbe aɖe kpɔkpɔ ŋu la, akɔɖua ƒe ke didi afɔ eve eye wòɖo dziƒoxɔ atɔ̃ dzixɔ aɖe gbɔ la, eke ɖi. Darling gblɔ be: “Nyemeka ɖe edzi nenye be mexɔe se be enya nusi wònye o.”
Esi Darling ke ɖe ati la ŋu la, ɖeko wònɔ abe glimeme aɖe kpɔm ene. Egblɔ be: “Enɔ tẽ eye wòde blibo ale gbegbe be woawɔ kpɔɖeŋu aɖe—enyo ŋutɔ.” Gake Darling hã kpɔe be ati la le kukum. Tso ƒe 1900 ƒeawo ƒe gɔmedzedze la, dɔvɔ̃ ma ke dze edzi, eye wobu akɔnta be ewu ame biliɔn 3 alo esi wu nenema le dɔléle mawo ta. Esiae nye dɔléle gbãtɔ si amegbetɔwo tsɔna si gblẽa atiwo koŋ le egbegbe ŋutinya me. Darling susui be, ne yemate ŋu axɔ ati ma ɖe agbe o la, yeaɖe eƒe nukuwo ya teti. Kuxi ɖeka koe li: ati la mele naneke wɔm o elabena chestnut-ti bubu aɖeke mele afima si te ɖe eŋu si ate ŋu atsɔ aɖi awɔe o.
Darling nye mɔ̃ɖaŋudɔwɔla si zãa mɔ̃ɖaŋudɔwɔla ƒe mɔnuwo tsɔ kpɔa kuxiwo gbɔe. Le June si kplɔe ɖo me, esi seƒoƒo ɣi dzẽwo kaka ɖe ati la ƒe xɔtaxɔ dama la, Darling tsɔ tu siwo woda ɖe tu me, si woɖe tso chestnut-ti bubu si wòsrɔ̃ ƒe seƒoƒotsuwo me, yɔ tu siwo woda ɖe tu me, eye wòku ʋua yi dziehe. Exɔ gaƒoƒo ɖeka kple afã. Eda tu ati la tso helikɔpta si wòhaya la me. (Ekpɔa xɔtudɔwɔƒe aɖe si kpɔ dzidzedze si ate ŋu aƒle nusiwo gbɔ eme.) Agbagbadzedze sia do kpo nu. Le ƒe si kplɔe ɖo me la, Darling gadze agbagba ake. Fifia ya, eya kple viaŋutsua wohe xɔtunua yi aɖaka siwo le togbɛa tame la gbɔ eye wotu nuƒolanɔƒe si kɔkɔ afɔ 80 le kwasiɖa eve kple edzivɔ me. Nye lɔlɔ̃tɔ lia xɔtaxɔa eye wòtsɔ seƒoƒo siwo le abe nudzodzoe ene la tutu seƒoƒoawo le chestnut-ti bubu dzi.
Le adame ma la, Darling ƒe ati ƒe alɔwo na ʋuʋudedi siwo ŋu ŋù damawo tsyɔ. Ŋù siawo le ɣie eye wole ɖaɖɛ ale gbegbe be woate ŋu abu wo vodadatɔe be wonye cacti. Nuŋeŋe mesɔ gbɔ o, nuku siwo ade 100 ye li, gake Darling do ɖewo eye wòtsɔ mɔkpɔkpɔ ɖo eŋu. Woa kple exɔlɔ̃ aɖe do ka kple Charles Maynard kple William Powell, siwo nye atiwo ƒe domenyiŋusẽfianu ŋuti nunyala eve siwo le New York Dukɔa ƒe Yunivɛsiti ƒe Nutomeŋutinunya Kple Avewo Ŋuti Nusrɔ̃ƒe le Syracuse hã (Chuck kple Bill ku). Wodze chestnut ŋuti numekukudɔ aɖe si me womezãa ga geɖe le o gɔme le afima nyitsɔ laa. Darling tsɔ chestnut aɖewo na wo eye wòbia dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyalawo be woate ŋu azã wo atsɔ agbɔe hã. Darling gblɔ be: “Edze abe esia nye nu gã aɖe ene.” “United States ƒe ɣedzeƒe gome katã.” Ke hã, le ƒe ʋɛ aɖewo megbe la, eya ŋutɔ ƒe ati ku.
Tso esime Europatɔwo te vava nɔ Dziehe Amerika la, ŋutinya si ku ɖe anyigbagã la ƒe avewo ŋu la ƒe akpa gãtɔ nye nusiwo bu. Ke hã, ame geɖe bu Darling ƒe aɖaŋuɖoɖoa fifia be enye mɔnukpɔkpɔ siwo ŋugbe wodo wu dometɔ ɖeka be woadze ŋutinyaa me toto gɔme – le ƒe sia ƒe gɔmedzedze la, Templeton World Charity Foundation tsɔ Maynard kple Powell ƒe The project na eƒe ŋutinya ƒe akpa gãtɔ na, ​​eye agbagbadzedze sia te ŋu ɖe dɔ sue aɖe si xɔ wu dɔlar miliɔn 3 la ɖa. Enye nunana ɖeka kolia gãtɔ kekeake si wotsɔ na yunivɛsitia kpɔ. Domenyiŋusẽŋununyalawo ƒe numekuku zi nutomeŋutinunyalawo dzi be woadze ŋgɔ mɔkpɔkpɔa le mɔ yeye si meɖea dzi ɖi ɣeaɖewoɣi o nu, be dzɔdzɔmenuwo dzadzraɖo mefia kokoko be woatrɔ ayi Eden-bɔ si me gblẽ o me o. Ke boŋ ate ŋu afia be míaxɔ akpa si míexɔ: nusianu si me dzɔdzɔmenuwo hã le ƒe mɔ̃ɖaŋudɔwɔla.
Chestnut aŋgbawo didi eye aɖu le wo ŋu, eye wodzena abe aŋe dama sue eve siwo do ƒome kple aŋgba ƒe titina vea ene. Le eƒe nuwuwu ɖeka la, aŋgba eve do ƒome kple ke aɖe. Le eƒe nuwuwu kemɛ la, wowɔa nu ɖaɖɛ aɖe, si wobɔbɔna ɖe axadzi zi geɖe. Nɔnɔme sia si womenɔ mɔ kpɔm na o la tso to dama kple ke siwo me ɖoɖoezizi le le avea me la me, eye todzizɔlawo ƒe drɔ̃e si mexɔ se o la nyɔ amewo ƒe susu, si ɖo ŋku woƒe mɔzɔzɔ to ave si me ati sesẽ geɖe nɔ tsã la dzi na wo.
Agbalẽwo kple ŋkuɖoɖonudzi dzi koe míate ŋu ase ati siawo gɔme bliboe. Lucille Griffin, si nye Amerikatɔwo ƒe Chestnut Collaborator Foundation ƒe dɔdzikpɔlagã ŋlɔ ɣeaɖeɣi be le afima la, àkpɔ chestnut siwo me kesinɔnuwo le ale gbegbe be le kele me la, seƒoƒo siwo le abe kreme ene, siwo le fli me le ati la dzi “abe The foamy waves rolled down the hillside”, si ana tɔgbui ƒe ŋkuɖodzinyawo naɖo ŋku edzi. Le adame la, ati la agawó ake, fifia ya, aŋgba siwo me ʋuʋudedi le atsyɔ nu vivia dzi. Thoreau si me dzo le ŋlɔ ɖe “Walden” me be: “Ne chestnut-awo tsi la, meƒoa bushel afã nu ƒu le dzomeŋɔli.” “Le ɣeyiɣi ma me la, edzɔa dzi nam ŋutɔ be matsa le chestnut-ave si nuwuwu meli na o me le Lincoln ɣemaɣi.”
Woate ŋu aka ɖe chestnuts dzi ŋutɔ. To vovo na oak-ti siwo ƒua akɔɖu le ƒe ʋɛ aɖewo ko me la, chestnut-tiwo tsea nuku gbogbo aɖewo le adame ɖesiaɖe. Chestnuts hã ɖuɖu le bɔbɔe: àte ŋu aɖe wo ɖa aɖu esi womeɖa o. (Te akɔɖu siwo me tannin sɔ gbɔ ɖo zazã kpɔ-alo mègawɔe o.) Amesiame ɖua chestnut: gbetedzi, akpɔkplɔ, dzata, xevi, amegbetɔ. Agbledelawo ɖea asi le woƒe hawo ŋu eye wodzia ami le avea me. Le Kristmas ɖuɣi la, keteke siwo yɔ fũ kple aŋanyiwo nɔa tsatsam tso towo dzi yina dua me. Ẽ, dzobibi la fiã wo vavã. William L. Bray, si nye suku si me Maynard kple Powell va wɔ dɔ le emegbe ƒe tatɔ gbãtɔ gblɔ be: “Wogblɔna be le nuto aɖewo me la, agbledelawo kpɔa ga geɖe tso chestnut dzadzra me wu agblemenuku bubuwo katã.” Woŋlɔe le ƒe 1915. Enye ameawo ƒe ati, si ƒe akpa gãtɔ tsina le ave me.
Enaa nu geɖe hã menye nuɖuɖu dzro ko o. Chestnut-tiwo te ŋu kɔa afɔ 120, eye afɔ 50 gbãtɔwo meɖea fu na alɔ alo ƒoƒoewo o. Esiae nye atitsolawo ƒe drɔ̃e. Togbɔ be menye ati si nya kpɔ wu alo esi sesẽ wue wònye o hã la, etsina kabakaba ŋutɔ, vevietɔ ne egbugbɔ mie le etsotso vɔ megbe eye megblẽ o. Esi ketekemɔ ƒe ka kple telefontiwo ƒe anyinɔnɔ nɔ anyi didi wu atsyɔ̃ɖoɖo ta la, Chestnut kpe asi ɖe Amerika si me dɔwɔƒewo le tutu ŋu. Nudzraɖoƒe, xɔdɔme kple sɔlemexɔ akpe geɖe siwo wotsɔ chestnutwo wɔ la gakpɔtɔ le tsitre; agbalẽŋlɔla aɖe bu akɔnta le ƒe 1915 me be esiae nye ati ƒomevi si wotso wu le United States.
Le ɣedzeƒe ƒe akpa gãtɔ-atiawo tso Mississippi va ɖo Maine, eye tso Atlantik-ƒuta va ɖo Mississippi Tɔsisi la-chestnuts hã nye wo dometɔ ɖeka. Gake le Appalachians la, ati gã aɖee wònye. Chestnut biliɔn geɖe nɔa to siawo dzi.
Esɔ be Fusarium wilt do zi gbãtɔ le New York, si nye agbo si dzi woato age ɖe Amerikatɔ geɖe me. Le ƒe 1904 me la, wokpɔ dɔlékui wɔnuku aɖe le chestnut-ti aɖe si le afɔku me ƒe aŋgba ŋu le Bronx Lãwo Ƒe Dzɔƒe. Numekulawo kpɔe kaba be lãvi si na dɔlékuiwo ƒe dɔléle (si wova yɔ emegbe be Cryphonectria parasitica) va ɖo Japantɔwo ƒe ati siwo wotsɔ tso duta vɛ dzi le ƒe 1876 me ke. (Zi geɖe la, ɣeyiɣi aɖe nɔa ati ƒomevi aɖe ƒe dodo kple kuxi siwo dze ƒã didi dome.)
Eteƒe medidi o, ame siwo le nuto geɖe me gblɔ be atiwo le kukum. Le ƒe 1906 me la, William A. Murrill, si nye lãwo ŋuti nunyala le New York Numiemiebɔ me, ta dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya me nyati gbãtɔ si ku ɖe dɔlélea ŋu. Muriel ɖee fia be lãvi sia naa ʋuʋudedi si ƒe amadede nye ɣie si ƒe amadede nye aŋutiɖiɖi la xɔa chestnut-ti la ƒe aŋgba, si wɔnɛ be wòkɔna le atikutsetsea ŋu mlɔeba. Ne nunyiame kple tsi megate ŋu le sisim yi dzi kple anyime le atikutsetse ƒe nugo siwo le atikutsetsea te me o la, nusianu si le ku ƒe asigɛa tame aku.
Ame aɖewo mate ŋu akpɔ ati aɖe si bu le avea me le susu me o—alo medi be ame bubuwo nakpɔe le susu me o. Le ƒe 1911 me la, Sober Paragon Chestnut Farm, si nye ɖeviwo ƒe suku dɔwɔƒe aɖe le Pennsylvania, xɔe se be dɔlélea “menye vɔvɔ̃ dzro aɖe ko o.” Nyadzɔdzɔŋlɔla siwo metsɔa agbanɔamedzi o ƒe anyinɔnɔ ɣeyiɣi didi. Wotu agblea le ƒe 1913. Ƒe eve enye sia la, Pennsylvania yɔ chestnut dɔléle ŋuti kɔmiti aɖe, si wona mɔe be woazã Amerika dɔlar 275,000 (si nye ga gbogbo aɖe ɣemaɣi), eye wòɖe gbeƒã ŋusẽ gbogbo aɖewo be woawɔ afɔɖeɖewo atsɔ atsi vevesese sia nu, si me gomenɔamesi si le ame si be wòatsrɔ̃ atiwo le ame ŋutɔ ƒe anyigba dzi hã le. Dɔléleŋutinunyalawo kafui be woaɖe chestnut-tiwo katã ɖa le kilometa ʋɛ aɖewo me tso dɔlékui vevitɔa ƒe ŋgɔgbe be wòawɔ dɔ si axe mɔ ɖe dzobibi nu. Gake eva dze be lãvi sia ate ŋu ati kpo ayi ati siwo ŋu dɔlékui mele o gbɔ, eye ya, xeviwo, nudzodzoewo kple amewo xɔa eƒe ʋetsuviwo. Woɖe asi le ɖoɖoa ŋu.
Kaka ƒe 1940 naɖo la, womexɔ aŋɔ gã aɖeke kloe o. Egbea la, wotutu dɔlar biliɔn geɖe ƒe asixɔxɔ ɖa. Esi fusarium ƒe ƒuƒu mate ŋu anɔ agbe le anyigba me o ta la, chestnut ƒe kewo yi edzi le miemie, eye wo dometɔ siwo wu miliɔn 400 gakpɔtɔ le avea me. Gake Fusarium wilt kpɔ tsita aɖe le oak-ti si me wònɔ la me evɔ megblẽ nu boo aɖeke le eƒe amedzroa ŋu o. Tso afima la, ekakana kabakaba yia chestnut-ti yeyewo me eye wògaƒoa wo ɖe anyigba, zi geɖe la, ɣeyiɣi didi aɖe hafi woɖoa seƒoƒo ƒe ɖoɖo.
Atidɔwɔƒewo kpɔ mɔnu bubu siwo woate ŋu azã ɖe eteƒe: oak, pine, walnut, kple ash. Lãgbalẽtata, si nye dɔwɔƒe gã bubu si ɖoa ŋu ɖe chestnut-tiwo ŋu, trɔ ɖe lãgbalẽŋudɔwɔnu siwo wowɔ ŋu. Le agbledela dahe geɖe gome la, naneke meli woatrɔ o: ati bubu aɖeke meli si le afima si naa nuɖuɖumeŋusẽ kple protein si ŋu kakaɖedzi le eye wòsɔ gbɔ agbledelawo kple woƒe lãwo femaxee o. Woate ŋu agblɔ be chestnut blight na Appalachiantɔwo ƒe agbledede si me wokpɔa wo ɖokui dzi le ƒe nuwɔna si bɔ, si zi ame siwo le nutoa me dzi be woawɔ tiatia si dze ƒã: woayi dzotoƒe alo woaʋu. Ŋutinyaŋlɔla Donald Davis ŋlɔ le ƒe 2005 me be: “Le aŋɔkawo ƒe ku ta la, xexeame katã ku, si wɔe be agbetsitsi ƒe kɔnu siwo nɔ anyi le Appalachian Towo dzi ƒe alafa ene kple edzivɔe nye sia la ɖa.”
Powell tsi le adzɔge ʋĩ tso Appalachians kple chestnuts gbɔ. Fofoa subɔ le Yamesrafowo me eye wòʋu yi eƒe ƒomea me: Indiana, Florida, Germany, kple Maryland ƒe ɣedzeƒeƒuta. Togbɔ be ezã eƒe agbemedɔ le New York hã la, eƒe nuƒowo gakpɔtɔ nye Titinaɣetoɖoƒetɔwo ƒe nyagbɔgblɔ tẽ kple Anyiehetɔwo ƒe akpaɖekedzimademade si menya kpɔna dzea sii bɔbɔe o gake woate ŋu ade dzesii. Eƒe nɔnɔme bɔbɔewo kple awutɔla bɔbɔewo kpena ɖe wo nɔewo ŋu, eye jeans siwo me wotsɔa awu ʋlaya siwo wotsɔa lãgbalẽ wɔe ƒe tɔtrɔ si dze abe nuwuwu meli na o ene la nɔa eŋu. Eƒe nyagbɔgblɔ si wòlɔ̃na wue nye “wow”.
Powell ɖoe be yeazu lãwo ƒe dɔdala vaseɖe esime domenyiŋusẽfianu ŋuti nufialagã aɖe do ŋugbe nɛ be yeakpɔ mɔkpɔkpɔ be yeakpɔ agbledede yeye si me amagbewo bɔ ɖo si wotu ɖe numiemie siwo ŋu wotrɔ asi le le domenyiŋusẽfianu me si ate ŋu awɔ eya ŋutɔ ƒe nudzodzoeviwo kple dɔlélewo nutsitsi ŋutetewo dzi. “Mesusu be, wow, menyo be nàwɔ numiemie siwo ate ŋu akpɔ ɖokuiwò ta tso nudzodzoeviwo si me o, eye mehiã be nàwu nudzodzoeviwutike aɖeke ɖe wo dzi o?” Powell gblɔe alea. “Nyateƒee, xexeame ƒe akpa mamlɛa mezɔna ɖe susu ma ke dzi o.”
Esi Powell va ɖo Utah Dukɔa ƒe Yunivɛsiti ƒe sukunuwuwu suku le ƒe 1983 me la, meɖe fu nɛ o. Gake eva dzɔ be eva ge ɖe nugbagbeŋutinunyala aɖe ƒe nudokpɔƒe, eye wònɔ dɔ wɔm tso dɔlékui aɖe si ate ŋu ana blight fungus nagbɔdzɔ la ŋu. Agbagba siwo wodze be yewoazã dɔlékui sia meva yi nyuie o: mekaka tso ati ɖeka dzi yi ati dzi le eɖokui si o, eyata eva hiã be woatrɔ asi le eŋu na fungi ƒomevi ɖekaɖeka gbogbo aɖewo. Togbɔ be ele alea hã la, ati gã aɖe si ge dze anyi ŋutinya la do dzidzɔ na Powell eye wòna dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya me egbɔkpɔnu aɖe na vodada wɔnublanui siwo amegbetɔwo wɔ. Egblɔ be: “Le míaƒe adzɔnu siwo le tsatsam le xexeame ƒe dɔmawɔmawɔ nyuie ta la, míetsɔ dɔlékuiwo tso duta le vo me.” "Mesusu be: Wow, esia doa dzidzɔ na ame. Mɔnukpɔkpɔ li be matrɔe vɛ."
Menye Powell ye nye ame gbãtɔ si dze agbagba be yeaɖe nusiwo bu ɖa o. Esi wòdze ƒã be Amerikatɔwo ƒe akɔɖuwo do kpo nu vɔ la, USDA dze agbagba be yeado Chinatɔwo ƒe aŋanyitiwo, si nye tɔɖiayɔvi si te ŋu nɔa te ɖe ƒuƒu nu wu, be woase egɔme nenye be ati ƒomevi sia ate ŋu axɔ ɖe Amerikatɔwo ƒe aŋanyi teƒe. Ke hã, chestnuts tsina ɖe gota wu, eye woɖi atikutsetsetiwo wu atikutsetsetiwo. Oak-tiwo kple Amerika-ti gã bubuwo na wozu suetɔ le avea me. Woxea mɔ na woƒe tsitsi, alo wokuna ko. Dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyalawo dze agbagba hã be yewoadzi chestnut siwo tso United States kple China ɖekae, kple mɔkpɔkpɔ be yewoadzi ati si ƒe nɔnɔme nyuiwo le evea siaa me. Dziɖuɖua ƒe agbagbadzedzewo do kpo nu eye wogblẽe ɖi.
Powell va wɔ dɔ le New York Dukɔa ƒe Yunivɛsiti si Kpɔa Nutomeŋutinunya Kple Avewo Ŋuti Nusrɔ̃ƒe, afisi wòdo go Chuck Maynard, si nye domenyiŋusẽfianu ŋuti nunyala si do atiwo le nudokpɔƒea le. Ƒe ʋɛ aɖewo koe nye esia la, dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyalawo wɔ numiemie ƒe lãkusi gbãtɔ si ŋu wotrɔ asi le si me wotsɔ domenyiŋusẽfianu si naa dɔlékuiwutikewo te ŋu nɔa te ɖe atama nu kpena ɖe eŋu hena mɔ̃ɖaŋununya ƒe wɔwɔfiawo tsɔ wu be woazãe le asitsatsa ɖesiaɖe me. Maynard (Maynard) dze mɔ̃ɖaŋununya yeyewo me nɔnɔ gɔme, esime wònɔ mɔ̃ɖaŋununya nyui siwo do ƒome kplii dim. Ɣemaɣi la, nuku aɖewo kple kuxi aɖe nɔ Darling si: Amerikatɔwo ƒe chestnutwo dzadzraɖo.
Le ƒe akpe geɖe siwo wotsɔ wɔ numiemiewo nyinyi tso blema ke me la, agbledelawo (kple dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyala siwo va nyitsɔ laa) tsɔ numiemie ƒomevi siwo si nɔnɔme siwo wodi la tso. Emegbe, wotsaka domenyiŋusẽfianuawo ɖekae le dzɔdzɔme nu, eye amewo tiaa tsakatsaka siwo ŋugbe wodo hena atikutsetse siwo lolo wu, siwo vivina wu, siwo te ŋu nɔa te ɖe dɔléle nu. Zi geɖe la, exɔa dzidzime geɖe hafi woate ŋu awɔ adzɔnu aɖe. Dɔ sia nɔa blewu eye wòtɔtɔa ame vie. Darling bia eɖokui be ɖe mɔnu sia ana ati nyui aɖe nado abe eƒe gbemelã ene hã. Egblɔ nam be: “Mesusu be míate ŋu awɔe nyuie wu.”
Domenyiŋusẽfianu ƒe mɔ̃ɖaŋununya fia be woakpɔ ŋusẽ geɖe wu: ne domenyiŋusẽfianu aɖe koŋ tso lã ƒomevi aɖe si medo ƒome kplii o me gɔ̃ hã la, woate ŋu atiae hena taɖodzinu aɖe koŋ eye woatsɔe ade nugbagbe bubu ƒe domenyiŋusẽfianu me. (Nu gbagbe siwo si domenyiŋusẽfianu siwo tso lã ƒomevi vovovowo me le la ‘trɔa asi le domenyiŋusẽfianu ŋu. Powell xɔe se be edze abe esia sɔ ŋutɔ na Amerikatɔwo ƒe chestnuts, siwo wòyɔ be “ati deblibo kloe”-sesẽ, kɔkɔ, eye nuɖuɖu dzɔtsoƒe geɖe, si hiã ɖɔɖɔɖo tɔxɛ aɖe ko: tsitretsitsi ɖe dɔlékuiwo ƒe ʋuʋu ŋu.
Lɔlɔ̃tɔ lɔ̃ ɖe edzi. Egblɔ be: “Ele be mɔ̃ɖaŋudɔwɔlawo nanɔ mía si le míaƒe dɔwɔƒea.” “Tso xɔtutu dzi va ɖo xɔtutu dzi la, esia nye nuwo wɔwɔ le wo ɖokui si ƒomevi aɖe ko.”
Powell kple Maynard bu akɔnta be ate ŋu axɔ ƒe ewo hafi woake ɖe domenyiŋusẽfianu siwo naa dɔlélenutsiŋutete ŋu, woato mɔ̃ɖaŋununya vɛ be woatsɔ wo akpe ɖe chestnut ƒe domenyiŋusẽfianu ŋu, eye emegbe woatsi. Powell gblɔ be: “Ðeko míele akɔnta bum.” "Domenyiŋusẽfianu aɖeke mele ame aɖeke si si naa fungi ƒe dɔlélenutsiŋutete o. Míedze egɔme tso teƒe ƒuƒlu ŋutɔŋutɔ."
Darling di kpekpeɖeŋu tso Amerikatɔwo ƒe Chestnut Foundation, si nye habɔbɔ si mekpɔa viɖe aɖeke tso eme o si woɖo le ƒe 1980 ƒeawo ƒe gɔmedzedze. Eƒe ŋgɔnɔla gblɔ nɛ be koŋ ye bu. Woɖoe kplikpaa be yewoatsɔ domenyiŋusẽfianuwo aƒo ƒui eye wogale ŋudzɔ ɖe domenyiŋusẽfianu ƒe tɔtrɔ ŋu, si he tsitretsiɖeŋu tso nutomeŋutinunyalawo gbɔ. Eyata Darling ɖo eya ŋutɔ ƒe habɔbɔ si mekpɔa viɖe aɖeke tso eme o be wòatsɔ akpɔ ga atsɔ awɔ domenyiŋusẽfianu ƒe dɔwɔwɔ. Powell gblɔ be habɔbɔa ŋlɔ gaxɔgbalẽvi gbãtɔ na Maynard kple Powell hena dɔlar 30,000. (Le ƒe 1990 me la, dukɔa ƒe habɔbɔa wɔ ɖɔɖɔɖo eye wòxɔ Darling ƒe ƒuƒoƒo si di be yeaɖe ye ɖokui ɖa la be enye yeƒe dukɔa ƒe alɔdze gbãtɔ, gake hamevi aɖewo gakpɔtɔ ke ɖi alo tsi tre ɖe domenyiŋusẽfianu ƒe tɔtrɔ ŋu keŋkeŋ.)
Maynard kple Powell le dɔ wɔm. Enumake kloe la, woƒe ɣeyiɣiɖoɖo si wobu la meva eme o. Kplamatsedonu gbãtɔe nye alesi woade chestnut le nudokpɔƒe la didi. Maynard te chestnut aŋgbawo kple tsitsiŋusẽ tsakatsaka le petri-gba goglo aɖe si me goglo o me, si nye mɔnu si wozãna tsɔ dea poplars. Eva dze be esia menye nyateƒe o. Ati yeyewo matso ke kple aŋgbawo tso lãmenugbagbevi tɔxɛwo me o. Maynard gblɔ be: “Nyee nye xexeame katã ƒe ŋgɔdola le chestnut-tiwo wuwu me.” Numekula aɖe le Georgia Yunivɛsiti, Scott Merkle (Scott Merkle) fia Maynard mlɔeba alesi wòatso aŋɔsisi me ayi Numiemie ƒe chestnut siwo kplɔe ɖo le fugboewo me le tsitsi ƒe afɔɖeɖea me.
Domenyiŋusẽfianu nyuitɔ didi-Powell ƒe dɔwɔwɔ-hã nye kuxi. Ezã ƒe geɖe tsɔ wɔ numekuku tso dɔlékuiwutike aɖe si wotu ɖe akpɔkplɔ ƒe domenyiŋusẽfianu dzi ŋu, gake eɖe asi le atike sia ŋu le esi wòtsi dzi be ɖewohĩ dukɔmeviwo maxɔ ati siwo me akpɔkplɔwo le o ta. Edi domenyiŋusẽfianu aɖe hã si tsia dɔlékuiwo ƒe gbagbã nu le chestnut me, gake ekpɔe be domenyiŋusẽfianu geɖe le ati la takpɔkpɔ me (wode dzesi ade ya teti). Emegbe le ƒe 1997 me la, dɔwɔhati aɖe trɔ gbɔ tso dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyalawo ƒe kpekpe aɖe me eye wòŋlɔ nya kpui aɖe kple nuƒo si woɖe fia. Powell de dzesi tanya aɖe si ƒe tanyae nye “Oxalate oxidase ƒe ɖeɖefia le numiemie siwo ƒe domenyiŋusẽfianu wogbugbɔ trɔ me naa tsitretsitsi ɖe oxalate kple fungi siwo wɔa oxalate ŋu”. Le dɔlékui ŋuti numekuku si Powell wɔ me la, enya be fungi siwo ƒuna la doa oxalic acid tsɔ wua chestnut ƒe aŋgba eye wònana wònɔa bɔbɔe be woaɖu. Powell kpɔe be ne chestnut ate ŋu awɔ eya ŋutɔ ƒe oxalate oxidase (protein tɔxɛ aɖe si ate ŋu agbã oxalate) la, ekema ɖewohĩ ate ŋu aʋli eɖokui ta. Egblɔ be: “Emae nye nye Eureka ɣeyiɣi.”
Eva dze be domenyiŋusẽfianu aɖe le numiemie geɖe si si wɔnɛ be woate ŋu awɔ oxalate oxidase. Powell xɔ lu ƒe tɔtrɔ aɖe tso numekula si ƒo nuƒoa gbɔ. Sukunuwula Linda Polin McGuigan trɔ asi le “domenyiŋusẽfianu ƒe tu” mɔ̃ɖaŋununya ŋu be wòatsɔ domenyiŋusẽfianuwo ade chestnut fugboewo me, kple mɔkpɔkpɔ be woate ŋu ade fugboea ƒe DNA me. Domenyiŋusẽfianua nɔ fugboea me hena ɣeyiɣi aɖe, gake emegbe ebu. Numekulawo ƒe ƒuƒoƒoa ɖe asi le mɔnu sia ŋu eye wotrɔ ɖe dɔlékui aɖe si to mɔnu aɖe vɛ ɣeyiɣi didi aɖee nye sia si dzi woato atso nugbagbe bubuwo ƒe DNA ahade woƒe domenyiŋusẽfianuwo eme. Le dzɔdzɔme nu la, nugbagbevi suesuewo tsɔa domenyiŋusẽfianu siwo zia amesi xɔe dzi be wòawɔ dɔlékuiwo ƒe nuɖuɖu kpena ɖe eŋu. Domenyiŋusẽfialawo va dze dɔlékui sia dzi ale be wòate ŋu ade domenyiŋusẽfianu ɖesiaɖe si dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyala la di la eme. Ŋutete va su McGuigan si be wòatsɔ lu ƒe domenyiŋusẽfianuwo kple protein siwo dea dzesi nu akpe ɖe chestnut ƒe fugboewo ŋu kakaɖedzitɔe. Ne wotsɔ nusuekpɔmɔ̃ do keklẽŋusẽ na protein la la, protein la ana akaɖi dama aɖe, si afia be wotsɔe de eme dzidzedzetɔe. (Akpahaa dzudzɔ protein siwo wotsɔ dea dzesi nu zazã kaba—ame aɖeke medi be ati si ate ŋu aklẽ nanɔ ye si o.) Maynard yɔ mɔnu sia be enye “nu dzeanitɔ kekeake le xexeame.”
Le ɣeyiɣi aɖe megbe la, Maynard kple Powell tu chestnut-ƒomɔ̃ aɖe, si keke ta fifia va ɖo ƒe 1960 ƒeawo me avewo ŋuti numekukuxɔ gã aɖe si wotsɔ anyikpe kple aŋɔ tu ƒe dzisasrã geɖe dzi, kpakple “Biotech Accelerator” dɔwɔƒe yeye si le keklẽm le sukuxɔa godo. Dɔwɔwɔa bia gbã be woatia fugboe siwo mie tso lãmenugbagbevi siwo ƒe domenyiŋusẽfianu sɔ me (fugboe siwo wowɔ le dodokpɔxɔ me ƒe akpa gãtɔ mewɔa esia o, eyata viɖe aɖeke mele eŋu be woawɔ clones o) eye woatsɔ lu ƒe domenyiŋusẽfianuwo ade eme. Fugboe me lãmenugbagbeviwo, abe agar ene, nye nusi le abe pudding ene si woɖena tso ƒumegbewo me. Be numekulaawo nate ŋu atrɔ fugboea wòazu ati la, wotsɔ tsitsimeŋusẽ kpe ɖe eŋu. Woate ŋu atsɔ aŋetu alafa geɖe siwo le abe kubi ene siwo me chestnut-ti suesuesue siwo ke mele o la ade agbalẽdzraɖoƒe le akaɖi sesẽ aɖe si me keklẽ le te. Mlɔeba la, dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyalawo tsɔ lãmetsi si naa ke dea ke me, do woƒe ati gbãtɔwo ɖe ze siwo me anyigba yɔ fũu me, eye wotsɔ wo da ɖe xɔ si me dzoxɔxɔ le si me wotsina le me. Mewɔ nuku o be ati siwo le nudokpɔƒea mele nɔnɔme gbegblẽ me le gota o. Eyata numekulaawo tsɔ wo kpe ɖe gbemetiwo ŋu be woawɔ ati siwo sesẽ wu gake wogate ŋu nɔa te ɖe dɔlékuiwo nu kokoko hena dodokpɔ wɔwɔ le agble dzi.
Dzomeŋɔli eve enye sia la, Hannah Pilkey, si nye sukunuwula le Powell ƒe dodokpɔxɔ me, fia alesi mawɔ esia lam. Ede lãvi si hea dɔlékuiwo ƒe gbagbã vɛ la ɖe plastic petri-gba sue aɖe me. Le nɔnɔme sia si wotu me la, dɔlékui si ƒe amadede nye aŋutiɖiɖi si ƒe amadede nye aŋutiɖiɖi la dzena nyuie o eye wònya kpɔ kloe. Esesẽ be míasusui be eya gbɔe ame gbogbo aɖewo kuna hegblẽa nu le.
Akpɔkplɔ si le anyigba la dze klo ɖe anyigba, de dzesi atikutsetse sue aɖe ƒe akpa si didi milimeta atɔ̃, tsɔ lãgbalẽgoe lã etɔ̃ pɛpɛpɛ, eye wòsi abi la ɖe abi la dzi. Etsɔ aŋetu aɖe xe wo nu. Egblɔ be: “Ele abe band-aid ene.” Esi wònye be esia nye ati “dziɖuɖu” si mete ŋu nɔa te ɖe dɔlékuiwo nu o ta la, ekpɔa mɔ be amititsetse ƒe dɔlékuia akaka kabakaba tso afisi wodo atike ɖo eye wòaƒo xlã ke sueawo mlɔeba. Efia ati aɖewo siwo me lu ƒe domenyiŋusẽfianu siwo ŋu wòda dɔ ɖo va yi la lam. Dɔlékuia koe le afisi wotsoe, abe nuyi tsɛ siwo ƒe amadede nye aŋutiɖiɖi siwo te ɖe nu suea ŋu ene.
Le ƒe 2013 me la, Maynard kple Powell ɖe gbeƒã woƒe dzidzedzekpɔkpɔ le Transgenic Research me: ƒe 109 le Amerikatɔwo ƒe chestnut dɔlélea si ŋu woke ɖo megbe la, wowɔ Ati aɖe si dze abe ɖe wòte ŋu ʋlia eɖokui ta ene, ne fungi siwo ƒuna ƒe agbɔsɔsɔ gbogbo aɖewo dze wo dzi gɔ̃ hã. Le bubudede woƒe nunala gbãtɔ kple dɔmenyotɔ kekeake ŋu me la, ede ga si ade dɔlar 250,000 me, eye numekulawo tsɔ eƒe ŋkɔ na atiwo. Woyɔa esia be Darling 58.
Wowɔ Amerikatɔwo ƒe Chestnut Foundation ƒe New York Takpekpea ƒe ƒe sia ƒe kpekpe le amedzrodzeƒe aɖe si mebɔ o le New Paltz godo le Memleɖagbe si tsi dza le October 2018. Ame siwo ade 50 ye ƒo ƒu ɖekae. Kpekpe sia ƒe akpa aɖe nye dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya ƒe kpekpe eye eƒe akpa aɖe nye chestnut ɖɔliɖɔli ƒe kpekpe. Le kpekpewɔƒe sue aɖe ƒe megbe la, hameviawo ɖɔli Ziploc kotoku siwo me nukuwo yɔ fũu. Kpekpe siae nye zi gbãtɔ le ƒe 28 me si Darling alo Maynard mede o. Lãmesẽkuxiwo na wo ame evea siaa nɔa adzɔge. Allen Nichols, si nye habɔbɔa ƒe zimenɔla gblɔ nam be: “Ɣeyiɣi didi aɖee nye esia míele esia wɔm, eye ƒe sia ƒe kloe míezi ɖoɖoe na ame kukuwo.” Ke hã, kakaɖedzi gakpɔtɔ le seselelãmea ŋu: ati si ŋu wotrɔ asi le ƒe domenyiŋusẽfianu la to dedienɔnɔ kple dɔwɔwɔ ƒe dodokpɔ sesẽwo me ƒe geɖe.
Ta la me tɔwo ƒo nu tso ale si chestnut-ti gã ɖesiaɖe si le New York State ƒe nɔnɔme le ŋu tsitotsito. Pilkey kple sukunuwula bubuwo to alesi woaƒo aŋɔ nu ƒu ahadzrae ɖo, alesi woaƒã chestnut le xɔme akaɖiwo te, kple alesi woatsɔ blight dɔlékui ayɔ anyigba me be atiwo ƒe agbenɔƒe nadidi ɖe edzii vɛ. Ame siwo ƒe akɔta le abe cashew ene, siwo dometɔ geɖe tsɔa aŋɔ ƒoa woawo ŋutɔ ƒe atiwo hedea wo la, bia nya sɔhɛ dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyalawo.
Bowell tsɔe ɖo anyigba, eye wòdo nusi dze abe awu si dziɖuɖua mele o na ta sia ene: awu ʋlaya si wotsɔ kɔmewu blae si wotsɔ ɣla ɖe jeans me. Eƒe susu ɖeka yometiti-ƒe blaetɔ̃ ƒe dɔwɔwɔ si ŋu wowɔ ɖoɖo ɖo ƒo xlã Herb Darling ƒe taɖodzinu be yeagaxɔ chestnuts-mebɔ le dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyala siwo nye agbalẽnyalawo dome o, amesiwo wɔa numekuku zi geɖe le ƒe atɔ̃ ƒe gadodo ƒe tsatsam me, eye emegbe Wotsɔa The promising results are handed over to others for commercialization. Don Leopold, si nye dɔwɔhati aɖe le Powell ƒe Nutomeŋutinunya Kple Avewo Ŋuti Dɔwɔƒe gblɔ nam be: “Eléa to ɖe ame ŋu ŋutɔ eye wòɖɔa ŋu ɖo.” "Edoa xɔmetsovɔawo. Nu bubu geɖe mehea eƒe susu o. Esi numekukua va yi ŋgɔ mlɔeba la, New York Dukɔa ƒe Yunivɛsiti (SUNY) ƒe dɔdzikpɔlawo do ka kplii eye wobia be woana yeƒe ati ƒe gomenɔamesi ƒe gomenɔamesi ale be yunivɛsitia gbee, gake Powell gbe. Egblɔ be ati siwo ŋu wotrɔ asi le ƒe domenyiŋusẽfianu le abe akɔɖu gbãtɔwo ene eye wosubɔa amewo. Powell ƒe amewo le xɔ sia me.
Gake exlɔ̃ nu wo be: Esi ati siwo ŋu wotrɔ asi le le mɔ̃ɖaŋununya me ƒe akpa gãtɔ dzi ɖuɖu vɔ la, ate ŋu adze ŋgɔ kuxi gãtɔ azɔ: United States dziɖuɖua. Kwasiɖa ʋɛ aɖewoe nye esi va yi la, Powell tsɔ axa 3,000 kloe ƒe agbalẽ aɖe ɖo ɖe United States Agbledenyawo Gbɔkpɔƒe ƒe Lãwo Kple Numiemiewo ƒe Lãmesẽnyawo Gbɔkpɔha, si ƒe dɔe nye be wòada asi ɖe numiemie siwo ŋu wotrɔ asi le ƒe domenyiŋusẽfianu dzi. Esia dzea dɔwɔƒea ƒe mɔɖeɖedɔa gɔme: woalé ŋku ɖe dɔbiagbalẽvia ŋu, abia dukɔa ƒe susu, awɔ nutome ƒe ŋusẽkpɔɖeamedzi ŋuti nyatakaka, abia dukɔa ƒe susu ake eye wòatso nya me. Dɔ sia ate ŋu axɔ ƒe geɖe. Ne nyametsotso aɖeke meli o la, dɔa ate ŋu atɔ te. (Dutoƒonuƒoƒo ƒe ɣeyiɣi gbãtɔ meʋu haɖe o.)
Numekulaawo ɖoe be yewoatsɔ nyabiase bubuwo ayi Nuɖuɖu Kple Atike Ŋuti Dɔwɔƒea ale be wòate ŋu alé ŋku ɖe nuku siwo ŋu wotrɔ asi le ƒe domenyiŋusẽfianu ƒe nuɖuɖu ƒe dedienɔnɔ ŋu, eye Nutome Takpɔha alé ŋku ɖe alesi ati sia akpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe nutome dzii le Dukɔa ƒe Nudzodzoeviwutike Se si wobia tso numiemie siwo katã ƒe domenyiŋusẽfianu wogbugbɔ trɔ la si. nugbagbeŋutinunya. “Esia sesẽ wu dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya!” ame aɖe le nyaselawo dome gblɔ.
"Ɛ̃." Powell lɔ̃ ɖe edzi. “Dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya doa dzidzɔ na ame. Eɖea dzi le ame ƒo.” (Egblɔ nam emegbe be: “Dɔwɔƒe vovovo etɔ̃ ƒe dzikpɔkpɔ nye nusi gbɔ eme. Ewua nu yeyewo dodo ɖe ŋgɔ le nutome takpɔkpɔ me ŋutɔŋutɔ.”)
Be Powell ƒe ƒuƒoƒoa naɖo kpe edzi be yewoƒe ati la le dedie la, wowɔ dodokpɔ vovovowo. Wona oxalate oxidase anyiwo ƒe aŋɔ. Wodzidze fungi siwo ɖea vi ƒe tsitsi le anyigba me. Wogblẽ aŋgbaawo ɖe tsia me eye woku nu me le ŋusẽ si wokpɔna ɖe t. Womekpɔ ŋusẽ gbegblẽ aɖeke le numekukuawo dometɔ aɖeke me o-le nyateƒe me la, nuɖuɖu si ŋu wotrɔ asi le ƒe domenyiŋusẽfianu ƒe dɔwɔwɔ nyo wu ati aɖewo siwo wometrɔ asi le o ƒe aŋgbawo. Dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyalawo ɖo nukuawo ɖe Oak Ridge Dukɔa ƒe Nudokpɔƒe kple nudokpɔƒe bubu siwo le Tennessee be woada wo kpɔ, eye womekpɔ vovototo aɖeke kple nuku siwo ati siwo wometrɔ asi le o wɔna o.
Nusiwo do tso eme alea ate ŋu ana kakaɖedzi sedzikpɔlawo. Womafa akɔ na aʋawɔla siwo tsi tre ɖe GMO-wo ŋu o godoo kloe. John Dougherty, si nye dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyala si xɔ dzudzɔ le dɔme le Monsanto, na aɖaŋuɖoɖodɔwo Powell femaxee. Eyɔ tsitretsiɖeŋula siawo be “tsitretsiɖeŋulawo.” Ƒe bla nanewoe nye sia si nutomeŋutinunyalawo le nu xlɔ̃m be domenyiŋusẽfianuwo tsɔtsɔ yi lã ƒomevi siwo do ƒome kplikplikpli dome ahe emetsonu siwo womeɖo o vɛ, abe “gbe vɔ̃ɖi” si ƒo dzɔdzɔme numiemiewo ta wɔwɔ, alo domenyiŋusẽfianu siwo tso duta siwo ate ŋu ahe amedzroa vɛ la dodo ɖe ŋgɔ The possibility of harmful mutations in the DNA of the species. Wotsia dzi hã be dɔwɔƒewo zãa domenyiŋusẽfianu ƒe mɔ̃ɖaŋununya tsɔ xɔa mɔɖegbalẽwo eye wokpɔa nugbagbewo dzi.
Fifia la, Powell gblɔ be yemexɔa ga aɖeke tso dɔwɔƒewo gbɔ tẽ o, eye wòte tɔ ɖe edzi be ga si wotsɔ na nudokpɔƒea la “meka ɖe wo nɔewo dzi o.” Ke hã, Brenda Jo McManama, si nye habɔbɔ aɖe si woyɔna be “Indigenous Environmental Network” ƒe ɖoɖowɔla, he susu yi nubabla aɖe si wowɔ le ƒe 2010 me si me Monsanto na Chestnut Foundation kple eƒe hadɔwɔla dɔwɔƒe si nye New York Ta la ɖe mɔ ɖe domenyiŋusẽfianu ƒe tɔtrɔ ƒe gomenɔamesi eve ŋu. (Powell gblɔ be dɔwɔƒewo ƒe nudzɔdzɔwo, siwo dome Monsanto hã le, mede 4% le eƒe dɔwɔwɔ ƒe ga katã me o.) McManama susu be Monsanto (si Bayer xɔ le ƒe 2018 me) le didim le adzame be yeaxɔ gomenɔamesi ƒe gomenɔamesi to asikpekpe ɖe nusi dze abe ati la gbugbɔgawɔ le etsɔme ene me. Dɔ si me ɖokuitɔmadimadi le. Egblɔ anukwaretɔe be: “Monsan katã nye vɔ̃ɖitɔ.”
Powell gblɔ be ati la ƒe gomenɔamesi si le ƒe 2010 ƒe nubabla me la wu enu, eye esi yeɖe yeƒe ati la ŋuti nyatakakawo ɖe go le dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyagbalẽwo me la, yekpɔ egbɔ be womate ŋu axɔ ati la ƒe gomenɔamesi o. Gake ekpɔe be esia maɖe dzimaɖitsitsiwo katã ɖa o. Egblɔ be, “Menya be ame aɖe agblɔ be mɔ̃ aɖe koe nènye na Monsanto.” “Nukae nàte ŋu awɔ? Naneke meli nàte ŋu awɔ o.”
Anɔ abe ƒe atɔ̃ enye sia la, Amerikatɔwo ƒe Chestnut Habɔbɔ ƒe ŋgɔnɔlawo ƒo nya ta be yewomate ŋu aɖo yewoƒe taɖodzinuwo gbɔ to domenyiŋusẽfianu ƒe ƒoƒo ɖekae ɖeɖeko me o, eyata yewolɔ̃ ɖe Powell ƒe domenyiŋusẽfianu ƒe tɔtrɔ ƒe ɖoɖoa dzi. Nyametsotso sia he masɔmasɔ aɖewo vɛ. Le March 2019 me la, Gɔmeɖoanyia ƒe Massachusetts-Rhode Island Takpekpea ƒe zimenɔla, Lois Breault-Melican, ɖe asi le dɔ ŋu, eye wòyɔ Global Justice Ecology Project (Global Justice Project), si nye habɔbɔ si tsi tre ɖe domenyiŋusẽfianu ƒe mɔ̃ɖaŋununya ŋu si le Buffalo. Justice Ecology Project) ƒe nyaʋiʋli; srɔ̃a Denis Melican hã dzo le board la me. Dennis gblɔ nam be atsu kple asi sia tsi dzi vevie be Powell ƒe chestnuts ate ŋu anye “Trojan sɔ”, si ʋu mɔ na ati bubu siwo wodzrana be woatsɔ dzoxɔxɔ si gbɔ eme to domenyiŋusẽfianu ƒe mɔ̃ɖaŋununya me.
Susan Offutt, si nye agbledede ŋuti gaŋutinunyala, nye Dukɔa ƒe Dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya, Mɔ̃ɖaŋununya kple Atikewɔwɔ Ŋuti Kɔmiti ƒe zimenɔla, si wɔ numekuku tso avewo me nugbagbeŋutinunya ŋu le ƒe 2018. Eɖee fia be dziɖuɖua ƒe ɖoɖowɔwɔ ƒe ɖoɖoa ku ɖe nya kpui si ku ɖe nugbagbewo ƒe afɔkuwo ŋu, eye mebu hadomenu siwo ŋu wotsi dzi ɖo wu, abe esiwo tsitretsiɖeŋula siwo tsi tre ɖe GMO ŋu fɔ ɖe te ene o kloe. “Asixɔxɔ ŋutɔŋutɔ kae le avea ŋu?” ebia be, abe kuxi aɖe ƒe kpɔɖeŋu ene la, ɖoɖoa mekpɔ gbɔ o. “Ðe avewo ŋutɔ ƒe nyonyowo le wo ŋua? Ðe agbenyuinɔnɔ ƒe agbanɔamedzi le mía dzi be míabu esia ŋu ne míele nyametsotso wɔm be míade nu nyaa mea?”
Susu boo aɖeke mele dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyala siwo meƒo nu kplii dometɔ akpa gãtɔ si ta woatsi dzi ɖe Powell ƒe atiwo ŋu o, elabena avea gblẽ nu le didiƒe ʋĩ: atitsotso, tomenukuƒe, ŋgɔyiyi, kple nudzodzoe kple dɔléle gbogbo siwo nuwuwu meli na o siwo gblẽa atiwo dome. Le wo dome la, woɖo kpe edzi be chestnut wilt nye An ʋuʋu ƒe wɔna. Gary Lovett, si nye avewo me lãwo ƒe agbenɔnɔ ŋuti nunyala le Cary Ecosystem Institute le Millbrook, New York, gblɔ be: “Míele nu gbagbe blibo yeye yeyewo tom vɛ ɣesiaɣi.” “Ŋusẽ si chestnut siwo ŋu wotrɔ asi le kpɔna ɖe ame dzi la le sue wu kura.”
Donald Waller, si nye avewo me lãwo ƒe agbenɔnɔ ŋuti nunyala si xɔ dzudzɔ le Wisconsin-Madison Yunivɛsiti nyitsɔ laa la yi ŋgɔ wu ema. Egblɔ nam be: “Le go ɖeka me la, megblɔa dadasɔ vi aɖe le afɔku kple teƒeɖoɖo dome. Le go bubu me la, ɖeko menɔa ta ƒom be makpɔ afɔkuwo.” Ati sia si ƒe domenyiŋusẽfianu wogbugbɔ trɔ ate ŋu anye afɔku na avea. To vovo na ema la, “axa si le teƒeɖoɖoa te la yɔ fũ kple nuŋlɔtsi.” Egblɔ be chestnut si te ŋu nɔa te ɖe ƒuƒuiƒe nu la aɖu ave sia si ŋu wowɔ aʋa le la dzi mlɔeba. Amewo hiã mɔkpɔkpɔ. Amewo hiã dzesiwo. ” .
Powell dina be yeanɔ anyi kpoo, gake ɖikela siwo le domenyiŋusẽfianu ƒe tɔtrɔ ŋu ate ŋu aʋuʋui. Egblɔ be: “Susu mele wo me nam o.” “Menye dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya dzie wotu wo ɖo o.” Ne mɔ̃ɖaŋudɔwɔlawo wɔ ʋu alo asitelefon siwo nyo wu la, ame aɖeke metoa nyatoƒoe o, eyata edina be yeanya nusi gblẽ le ati siwo ƒe nɔnɔme nyo wu ŋu. Powell gblɔ be: “Esia nye dɔwɔnu si ate ŋu akpe ɖe ame ŋu.” “Nukatae nègblɔ be míate ŋu azã dɔwɔnu sia o? Míate ŋu azã Phillips gavi, gake menye gavi si sɔ o, eye nenema kee wòle le go bubu me hã?”
Le October 2018 ƒe gɔmedzedze la, mekplɔ Powell ɖo yi agbledeƒe aɖe si me fa miamiamia le Syracuse ƒe dzigbe gome. Enɔ mɔ kpɔm be Amerikatɔwo ƒe chestnut ƒomeviwo ƒe etsɔme adzi ɖe edzi. Teƒea nye aƒedo kloe, eye wònye teƒe ʋɛ siwo woɖea mɔ na atiwo be woatsi le la dometɔ ɖeka. Pine kple larch ƒe agble kɔkɔ siwo nye numekukudɔ aɖe si wogblẽ ɖi ɣeyiɣi didi aɖe ƒe kutsetse la trɔna yia ɣedzeƒe gome, le adzɔge tso ya si ƒona la gbɔ, si wɔnɛ be nutoa me sena le eɖokui me be yevɔ̃ɖi vie.
Numekula Andrew Newhouse si le Powell ƒe nudokpɔƒe le dɔ wɔm tso ati nyuitɔwo kekeake dometɔ ɖeka ŋu xoxo na dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyalawo, si nye gbemelã aɖe si woyɔna be chestnut si tso Virginia ƒe dzigbe. Ati sia kɔkɔ abe afɔ 25 ene eye wòtsina le atikutsetsebɔ aɖe si woɖo ɖe ɖoɖo nu le vome si wotsɔ gbetedziwo ƒe gli si kɔkɔ afɔ 10 ƒo xlãe me. Wobla sukukploa ɖe ati la ƒe alɔ aɖewo ƒe nugbɔ. Newhouse ɖe eme be aŋekotoku si le eme la xaxa ɖe Darling 58 ƒe aŋɔ si dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyalawo bia le June me la me, evɔ gakotoku si le gota la nana ʋetsuviawo nɔa adzɔge tso ʋuʋudedi siwo le tsitsim gbɔ. United States ƒe Agbledenyawo Gbɔkpɔha le ɖoɖo bliboa dzi kpɔm vevie; hafi woaɖe ɖoɖowɔwɔ ɖa la, ele be woaɖe aŋɔ alo nuku siwo tso ati siwo ƒe domenyiŋusẽfianu wotsɔ domenyiŋusẽfianu kpe ɖe eŋu le ʋɔtrua me alo le numekula ƒe nudokpɔƒe la ɖe vovo.
Newhouse trɔ asi le lãgbalẽŋudɔwɔnu siwo woate ŋu ahe ɖe alɔawo ŋu ŋu. Esi wotsɔ ka he la, akplɔa gbã eye akploa ge. Newhouse ʋu yi alɔdzedɔwɔƒe si kplɔe ɖo si me wotsɔ kotokuwo ɖo la kaba eye wògawɔ dɔa ake. Powell ƒoa akplo siwo ge la nu ƒu hetsɔa wo dea aŋekotoku gã aɖe me, abe alesi wowɔa nu siwo me afɔku le na nugbagbewo ŋudɔ ene.
Esi Newhouse kple Hannah Pilkey trɔ yi nudokpɔƒea vɔ la, wokɔ akploa me eye woɖe nuku siwo ƒe amadede nye aŋutiɖiɖi tso ʋuʋudedi damaawo me kaba. Wokpɔa egbɔ be ŋùawo nagage ɖe ŋutigbalẽa me o, si nye dɔwɔƒe ƒe afɔku le chestnut ŋuti numekuku me. Tsã la, nuku xɔasi siwo katã ƒe domenyiŋusẽfianu wogbugbɔ trɔ la dzɔa dzi na wo. Fifia ya, nu geɖe va su wo si mlɔeba: wowu 1,000. Pirkey gblɔ be: “Mí katã míele ɣeɖuɖu sue siwo me dzidzɔ le wɔm.”
Emegbe le ŋdɔ ma me la, Powell tsɔ chestnutawo yi Neil Patterson ƒe dɔwɔƒe si le xɔdɔme me. Enye Anyigbadzitɔwo ƒe Ŋkeke (Columbus Ŋkeke), eye ɖeko Patterson, si nye ESF ƒe Dɔwɔƒe si Kpɔa Anyigbadzitɔwo Kple Nutomenyawo Gbɔ ƒe Dɔdzikpɔla ƒe Kpeɖeŋutɔ, trɔ gbɔ tso sukuxɔa ƒe akpa enelia, afisi wòxɔ ŋgɔ na anyigbadzitɔwo ƒe nuɖuɖu ƒe wɔwɔfia le teti koe nye ema. Via eve kple nyruiayɔvi le fefem le kɔmpiuta dzi le ɔfis. Amesiame ɖea nukuwo ɖa heɖua nukuwo. Powell gblɔ kple vevesese be: “Wogakpɔtɔ le amadede dzẽ me vie.”
Powell ƒe nunana la nye esi woate ŋu azã le mɔ vovovowo nu. Ele nukuwo mam, kple mɔkpɔkpɔ be yeazã Patterson ƒe kadodoa atsɔ ado chestnut le teƒe yeyewo, afisi woate ŋu axɔ aŋɔ si ŋu wotrɔ asi le le ƒe ʋɛ aɖewo me. Eƒo eɖokui ɖe chestnut-dutadɔdasi si me aɖaŋu le hã me.
Esi ESF xɔ Patterson le ƒe 2014 me la, ese be Powell nɔ ati siwo ƒe domenyiŋusẽfianu trɔ, siwo didi kilometa ʋɛ aɖewo ko tso Onondaga Dukɔa me nɔlawo ƒe Anyigbamama gbɔ la dom kpɔ. Mlɔetɔa le ave si didi kilometa ʋɛ aɖewo tso Syracuse ƒe dzigbe gome la me. Patterson kpɔe be ne dɔa kpɔ dzidzedze la, domenyiŋusẽfianu siwo te ŋu nɔa te ɖe dɔléle nu ava ge ɖe anyigbaa dzi mlɔeba eye woatso kple chestnut susɔe siwo le afima, si ana ave si le vevie na Onodaga ƒe dzedzeme natrɔ. Ese nusiwo ŋu wotsi dzi ɖo siwo le ʋiʋlim na aʋawɔlawo, siwo dometɔ aɖewo tso afimatɔwo ƒe nutoawo me, be woatsi tre ɖe nugbagbevi siwo ƒe domenyiŋusẽfianu wogbugbɔ trɔ le teƒe bubuwo hã ŋu. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, le ƒe 2015 me la, Yurok-toa xe mɔ ɖe GMO-ƒomevi siwo wodzra ɖo ɖi le Dziehe California nu le esi wotsi dzi ɖe alesi wòate ŋu aƒo ɖi woƒe agblemenukuwo kple salmon-lãɖeɖe ŋu ta.
Patterson gblɔ nam be: “Mekpɔe be esia dzɔ ɖe mía dzi le afisia, ele be míaɖo dze ya teti.” Le ƒe 2015 ƒe Nutome Takpɔha ƒe kpekpe si ESF wɔ me la, Powell ƒo nuƒo aɖe si ŋu wosrɔ̃ nu tsoe nyuie na New Yorktɔ gbãtɔwo me tɔwo. Le nuƒoa megbe la, Patterson ɖo ŋku edzi be kplɔla geɖe gblɔ be: “Ele be míado atiwo!” Woƒe dzonɔameme wɔ nuku na Patterson. Egblɔ be: “Nyemenɔ mɔ kpɔm nɛ o.”
Gake dzeɖoɖo siwo wowɔ emegbe ɖee fia be wo dometɔ ʋɛ aɖewo koe ɖoa ŋku akpa si chestnut-ti wɔna le eƒe dekɔnu dekɔnuwo me dzi ŋutɔŋutɔ. Patterson ƒe numekuku si wòwɔ tsɔ kplɔe ɖo gblɔ nɛ be le ɣeyiɣi si me hadome zitɔtɔ kple lãwo ƒe agbenɔnɔ ƒe tsɔtsrɔ̃ nɔ edzi yim le ɣeyiɣi ɖeka me la, United States dziɖuɖua nɔ ɖoɖo gã aɖe si dzi wozi be woaɖe asrafowo ɖa le wo ɖokui si kple wo tsɔtsɔ de wo ɖokui me la wɔm, eye dɔvɔ̃a va ɖo. Abe nu bubu geɖe ene la, nutoa me ƒe chestnut dekɔnu si le nutoa me la bu. Patterson kpɔe hã be nukpɔsusu siwo le amewo si ku ɖe domenyiŋusẽfianu ŋu la to vovo ŋutɔ. Onoda ƒe lacrosse-tiwɔƒe si nye Alfie Jacques di vevie be yeatsɔ chestnut-ti awɔ atiwo eye wòdoa alɔ dɔa. Ame bubuwo susuna be afɔkua lolo akpa eye le esia ta wotsia tre ɖe atiwo ŋu.
Patterson se tenɔnɔ eve siawo gɔme. Egblɔ nam nyitsɔ laa be: “Ele abe asitelefon kple vinye ene.” Eɖee fia be ye vi le tɔtrɔm tso suku le aƒeme le coronavirus dɔvɔ̃a ta. "Gbeɖeka medo go katã; be woanɔ kadodo me la, wole nu srɔ̃m. Le ŋufɔke, abe, mina míaɖe nu mawo ɖa ene." Gake ƒe geɖe ƒe dzeɖoɖo kple Powell na eƒe ɖikekea gbɔdzɔ. Ɣeyiɣi kpui aɖe koe nye sia la, ese be domenyiŋusẽfianu si wotsɔ de Darling-ti 58 ƒe dzidzimevi mamã dedie nu manɔ esi o, si fia be gbemelã gbãtɔawo ayi edzi anɔ tsitsim le avea me. Patterson gblɔ be esia ɖe kuxi gã aɖe ɖa.
Le míaƒe sasrãkpɔ me le October me la, egblɔ nam be nusita yemete ŋu do alɔ GM dɔa bliboe o enye be yemenya ne Powell tsɔ ɖe le ame siwo le nu wɔm kple ati la alo ati la me o. Patterson nɔ eƒe akɔta ƒom gblɔ be: “Nyemenya nusi li nɛ o.” Egblɔ be ne woate ŋu agbugbɔ ƒomedodo si le amegbetɔ kple chestnut dome aɖo anyi ko hafi wòahiã be ati sia nagasu ame si ake.
Be yeawɔ esia la, egblɔ be yeɖoe be yeazã nuku siwo Powell tsɔ na ye atsɔ awɔ chestnut pudding kple ami. Atsɔ nuɖuɖu siawo ava Onondaga ƒe anyigbamama me eye wòakpe amewo be woagake ɖe woƒe blema viviwo ŋu ake. Egblɔ be: “Mele mɔ kpɔm be nenemae, ele abe gbedoname xɔ̃wò xoxo aɖe ene. Ðeko wòle be nàɖo bɔs tso afisi nètɔ ɖo zi mamlɛtɔ.”
Powell xɔ nunana si ƒe home nye dɔlar miliɔn 3.2 tso Templeton Xexeame ƒe Dɔmenyohabɔbɔ gbɔ le January me, si ana Powell nayi ŋgɔ esi wòle mɔ zɔm le sedzikpɔdɔwɔƒewo eye wòle eƒe numekuku ƒe susu kekem ɖe enu tso domenyiŋusẽfianu dzi va ɖo anyigba bliboa dzadzraɖo ƒe nyateƒenyenye ŋutɔŋutɔ dzi. Ne dziɖuɖua yrae la, Powell kple dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyala siwo tso Amerikatɔwo ƒe Chestnut Foundation adze mɔɖeɖe nɛ be wòaƒo se. Woaƒo aŋɔ kple eƒe domenyiŋusẽfianu bubuawo alo atsɔ brɔs aƒu gbe ɖe ati bubuwo ƒe nugoe siwo le lalam dzi, eye chestnut siwo ŋu wotrɔ asi le ƒe dzɔgbese adze le dodokpɔ ƒe nɔnɔme si dzi wokpɔ ŋusẽ ɖo me manɔmee. Ne míetsɔe be woate ŋu alé domenyiŋusẽfianua ɖe te le agble me kple le nudokpɔƒe siaa la, kakaɖedzi mele esia ŋu o, eye akaka ɖe ave me—esia nye nu gbagbewo ƒe agbenɔnɔ ŋuti nya si dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyalawo dina gake zazɛ̃nyahelawo vɔ̃na na.
Ne wotsɔ chestnut-ti aɖe ɖe dzi ɖi vɔ la, ɖe nàte ŋu aƒle ɖekaa? Newhouse gblɔ be Ẽ, ɖoɖoae nye ema. Wobia numekulawo kwasiɖa sia kwasiɖa ne atiwo li.
Le xexe si me Powell, Newhouse kple eƒe dɔwɔhatiwo le me la, ele bɔbɔe be woase le wo ɖokui me be dukɔ bliboa le woƒe ati lalam. Gake ʋukuku yi dziehe kpuie tso numekuku agblea gbɔ to Syracuse ƒe titina ɖoa ŋku alesi tɔtrɔ gãwo va le nutoa me kple hadomegbenɔnɔ me tso esime Amerikatɔwo ƒe aŋgbawo bu dzi. Chestnut Heights Drive le du sue aɖe me le Syracuse ƒe dziehe gome. Enye ablɔ dzro aɖe si dzi amewo nɔna, si me ʋuɖoƒewo keke, gbewo le dzadzɛ, eye ɣeaɖewoɣi la, ati suesuesue siwo wotsɔ ɖoa ​​atsyɔ̃e siwo dzi woɖea ŋgɔgbexɔa me ɖo. . Atidɔwɔƒea mebia be woagbugbɔ atikutsetsewo agbɔ o. Agbledede ƒe ganya si wokpɔna le wo ɖokui si si wotu ɖe chestnut dzi la bu keŋkeŋ. Ame aɖeke kloe meɖea nuku falɛfalɛ siwo vivina tso lãgbalẽ siwo sesẽ akpa me o. Ðewohĩ ame akpa gãtɔ menya gɔ̃ hã be naneke mebu le avea me o.
Metɔ heɖu piknik fiẽnuɖuɖu le Onondaga Ta la to le aŋɔ ɣi gã la ƒe vɔvɔli te. Borer siwo ƒe amadede nye aŋutiɖiɖi dama siwo le keklẽm la xɔ ati la me. Mete ŋu kpɔa do siwo nudzodzoewo wɔ le atikutsetsea me. Edzea eƒe aŋgbawo ƒe gege gɔme eye ate ŋu aku ahamu le ƒe ʋɛ aɖewo megbe. Be mava tso nye aƒe si le Maryland va afisia ko la, meku ʋu to aŋɔti kuku akpe geɖe, siwo ƒe alɔ ƒuƒlu siwo wotsɔa aŋɔ wɔe la ŋu le mɔa to.
Le Appalachia la, dɔwɔƒea ɖe atiwo le Bitlahua ƒe nuto si lolo wu me be woakpɔ dzotsitsi le ete. Anyigba si me dzo le ƒe dzi sɔ kple dukɔ si me wotsɔa aŋɔ wɔe tsã ƒe dzi. Amerikatɔwo ƒe Chestnut Foundation wɔ dɔ kple habɔbɔ siwo do atiwo ɖe tomenukuƒe siwo wogblẽ ɖi, eye chestnut-tiwo tsina fifia le anyigba si ƒe lolome nye acre akpe geɖe siwo dzi afɔkua gblẽ nu le la dzi. Ati siawo nye ati ƒomevi vovovo siwo te ŋu nɔa te ɖe dɔlékuiwo ƒe gbagbã nu ƒe akpa aɖe ko, gake woate ŋu ava zu atiwo ƒe dzidzime yeye si ate ŋu aʋli ho kple blema avetsu gãwo gbeɖeka.
Le ƒe si va yi ƒe May me la, ya si woyɔna be carbon dioxide ƒe agbɔsɔsɔ si le yame ɖo akpa 414.8 le miliɔn ɖeka me zi gbãtɔ. Abe ati bubuwo ene la, Amerikatɔwo ƒe chestnut ƒe kpekpeme si menye tsi o la ade carbon ƒe afã. Nu ʋɛ aɖewo koe nàte ŋu aƒã ɖe anyigba aɖe dzi ate ŋu axɔ carbon tso ya me kabakaba wu chestnut-ti si le tsitsim. Esi nya sia nɔ susu me na mí ta la, nyati aɖe si wota ɖe Wall Street Journal me le ƒe si va yi me do susua ɖa be, “Mina míagawɔ chestnut-gble bubu.”